Zika virus, Microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome
Summary
- Between
January 2007 and 17 February 2016, a total of 41 countries and territories
reported local (autochthonous) transmission of Zika virus, including those
where the outbreak is now over. One country (United States of America)
reported a locally acquired case without vector-borne transmission, likely
to have been contracted by sexual contact, and indirect evidence of local
transmission has been documented in six additional countries. Two new
countries/territories have reported local transmission in the week running
up to 17 February 2016 (Aruba and Bonaire).
- Geographical
distribution of Zika virus has steadily broadened since the virus was
first detected in the Americas in 2015. Zika transmission has been
reported in 28 countries/territories. The discovery of Zika virus in
additional countries within the geographical range of competent mosquito
vectors — especially Aedes aegypti— is considered likely.
- Six
countries/territories (Brazil, French Polynesia, El Salvador, Venezuela,
Colombia and Suriname) have reported an increase in the incidence of cases
of microcephaly and/or Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) following a Zika
virus outbreak. Microcephaly has so far been reported only from Brazil and
French Polynesia. Puerto Rico and Martinique have also reported cases of
GBS associated with Zika virus infection, but without evidence of an
overall increase in the incidence of GBS.
- Evidence
that neurological disorders, including microcephaly and GBS, are linked to
Zika virus infection remains circumstantial, but a growing body of
clinical and epidemiological data possibly leans towards a causal role for
Zika virus.
- The
global prevention and control strategy launched by WHO as a Strategic
Response Framework (SRF) encompasses surveillance, response activities,
and research. Following consultation with partners and taking changes in
caseload into account, the SRF will be updated at the end of March 2016 to
reflect epidemiological evidence coming to light and the evolving division
of roles and responsibilities for tackling this emergency.
- From
2007 to 11 February 2016, Zika virus transmission was documented in a
total of 48 countries/territories (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). This includes 36
countries which reported local transmission between 2015 and 2016, six
countries with indirect evidence of viral circulation, five countries with
reported terminated outbreaks and one country with a locally acquired case
but without vector-borne transmission (Table 1). Two new countries/territories
– Aruba and Bonaire – reported autochthonous transmission in the week
running up to 17 February 2016.
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